Some of this has been addressed in other responses, but I thought I’d take a stab what what’s going on item by item.
***Fonts
Chalkduster is a Mac TrueType font that’s included with Mac OS X 1.6 or newer. Being that Fonts are platform specific, I can think of the following two options:
1. Find someone running Mac OS X 10.6 or newer with a utility that can convert Mac TrueType to Windows TrueType and then install the converted font on your Windows system. The Titles should look very close to what you expect them to look like and you can still make edits to them. Or,
2. Find someone with the same version of Premiere Pro that the original project file was saved in (or a newer version) running Mac OS X 10.6 (or newer) who can open the project file and save each Premiere Pro Title as PNG file. Then, replace each Premiere Pro Title with the corresponding PNG file in your current Sequence. You don’t need to send the person all of your media as the Premiere Pro Titles are part of the project file itself. Of course, you won’t have editable text with option 2, but the titles should appear as expected.
***Color is screwed up
If this is a 3rd party effect that’s not installed on your system, it may be a simple matter of installing that plug-in to restore the color such that it appears as expected.
Select one of the clips that has unexpected color and click on the Effect Controls tab.
Under “Video Effects”, you’ll see Motion, Opacity and Time Remapping. Anything listed after that is an Effect that has been applied to the clip.
Does it show that anything is missing? (If I remember correctly, the effect name will appear in italics with the word “missing”.)
If something is listed and there’s a Windows version of that plug-in, you’re probably in good shape for restoring the color.
Of course, there's always the possibility that you may need to restore the color to appear as expected from scratch.
***Opened Sequences vs. Imported Sequences
It sounds like you’re opening a Sequence from within the Project rather than importing one. You are probably also opening a rendered cut that was exported as a movie and then imported back into the project.
You’ll want to find the Sequence that is your most recent cut and make a duplicate of it (assuming that there is a Sequence with your entire assembly from first frame to last frame).
To make a duplicate, select the Sequence in the Project panel and then choose Edit > Duplicate.
For Sequence names, I highly recommend the following naming convention:
Project_YYYY-MM-DD_000_XX
For example, the fourth version of a cut edited today by me on a project named Cross Platform Nightmares” would be named “Cross_2014-10-04_004_WH”.
***Various Versions of Premiere Pro
Opening an older version of Premiere Pro in a newer version _usually_ goes smoothly. Your problems are a mixed back of cross platform issues, media 3rd party plug-in issues, and file organization issues.
***Linked Media
It’s unfortunate that you had to relink your media. That’s a time consuming process.
From what you’ve described, the links most likely broke because the project file was moved from where it was originally at the Finder level rather than via File > Save As…” from within Premiere Pro.
Latham, do you happen to have a budget to hire an experienced, cross-platform editor? Based on where you’re at, it sounds like you need someone with a good deal of experience cutting in Premiere Pro on both Mac and Windows.